Argentina Genocide - 1276 Words

Argentina War http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20793884 Torture centres There was court investigated crimes against 200 opponents of the military regime in six illegal detention centers in Buenos Aires, One of the crimes was a kidnapping of a man named Jacobo Timerman who was tortured by electric shocks, beatings and solitary confinement in the years he was held illegally. The prosecutor said Jaime Smart was a leading factor in the persecution of opponents in the military. The illegal detention centers were run in police stations under his command. During the seven year military rule, an estimated 30,000 people were kidnapped, tortured, and killed by the junta. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/argentina.htm†¦show more content†¦She was forced to work in the basement, translating into Spanish articles on the military regime that appeared in English and French newspapers; others wrote military biographies, forged documents and filmed propaganda videos. As they worked, inmates in adjacent rooms were tortured with water and electric cattle prods, their shouts sometimes muffled by loud music. http://www.vice.com/read/inside-argentinas-secret-death-camps Inside Argentina Camps In 1977 Nilda â€Å"Munu† Goretta was walking home from work on a busy street in downtown Buenos Aires when members of the Argentinean Military Death Squad blindfolded her from behind and shoved her into a nearby car. She wasn’t seen or heard from for 13 months. During the height of Argentina’s seven-year military dictatorship Munu lived as a political prisoner in the torture center, ESMA. In order to maintain control, the junta organized a system to eliminate any threats to the new government. Anyone who expressed the slightest sympathies for leftist politics would vanish without a trace. The general public was not aware of the concentration camps. ESMA operated as the navy mechanical school in the center of the city, but beneath its deceitful concrete exterior was a basement death camp where thousands of political prisoners, including pregnant women, were brutally tortured and killed. Munu is one of the few who narrowly survived. Each time she was taken by guar ds from herShow MoreRelatedThe Jewish Community of Argentina Essay2028 Words   |  9 PagesJewish Community of Argentina Argentina is the second largest nation in Lain America and boasts the largest Jewish community in the region (200,000 of its 35 million people). From an open door policy of immigration to the harboring of Nazi war criminals, Argentinas Jews have faced period of peaceful coexistence and periods of intense anti-Semitism. Argentinas Jews have numerous Jewish community organizations. The DIAI (Delegacion de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas) was founded in 1939Read MoreThe Secret Of Their Eyes By Campanella Gave Me Feelings Of Dread And Despair1443 Words   |  6 Pagesviolence proceeding the death of Argentine president Juan Peron. After the investigator’s that had a false confession beat out of a couple of suspects are reprimanded and punished the corruption and increasing moral decay mirrors that which faced Argentina. During this time of political violence and oppression as well as the â€Å"dirty† wars former criminals such as the murderer in the movie were pardoned and employed by the security service. The theme of gazing which is very prevalent throughout the movieRead MoreUsing one case in Latin America, illustrate what the biggest obstacle to democracy is.1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdemocracy in South America. Using the case of Argentina, this paper will be discussing how its f amous history of militarism and consequent military rule has undermined the concept of a democracy. I will then go into detail about the certain aspects of military rule, ( ‘The Dirty War’, gross economic mismanagement and patron client relationships), that make it such an obstacle to democracy. I shall also try and explain how a history of colonialism has made Argentina more susceptible to military rule thanRead MoreEssay about Argentina4537 Words   |  19 PagesArgentina Europeans arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. Spanish navigator Juan Diaz de Solias visited what is now Argentina in 1516. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580. They further integrated Argentina into their empire following the establishment of the Vice-Royalty of Rio de la Plata in 1776, and Buenos Aires became a flourishing port. Buenos Aires formally declared independence from Spain on July 9, 1816. Argentines revereRead MoreThe And Punishment Of The United Nations1640 Words   |  7 Pagesit allow monstrous crimes against humanity or genocide to take place. The United Nations recognized the need for an international criminal court to prosecute and punish persons responsible and to help end impunity for these perpetrators of the most serious crimes against humanity. In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. By 1951, international treaties against genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity had enteredRead MoreTerrorism, State Terror And Terrorism Essay2005 Words   |  9 Pagesapogee of state terror: genocide which generally utilizes and encompasses all other forms. References to genocide in world history can be found across regional and cultural divides. However, it is difficult to trace its point of origin because a ccounts of these events are ambiguous and unreliable. The earliest accounts of genocide can be found in some of the world’s oldest literary works such as The Illiad and The Bible. However, a concise definition or understanding of genocide did occur until the aftermathRead MoreTransitional Justice Is Necessary For A Nation2574 Words   |  11 Pagesprior to the democratic form of government we have now. It is why I argue upon the basis that transitional justice is needed in order for a nation to function properly. Two nations that went through a major transitional justice change are Rwanda and Argentina. Transitional justice are judicial/non-judicial methods implemented in order to restore acts against of human rights abuses. Such methods consist of criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations programs, and numerous kinds of institutionalRead MoreEvidence of the Armenian Genocide Essay779 Words   |  4 PagesThe Armenian genocide was a systematic eradication of the Armenian population who lived under the Ottoman government. The genocide took place before and after World War I and it was set out in two phases. The first phase was to kill all able bodied men by massacre and forced labor. The second phase was to deport women, children, and the elderly and make them walk through the Syrian Desert in which a lot of people died from lack of food, water and the climate. The total population that had died wasRead MoreThe Trials Of The Nuremberg Trials1345 Words   |  6 Pages It is a pleasant autumn day in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1960. Suddenly, agents from Israelâ₠¬â„¢s intelligence agency, Mossad, tackled a man to the ground (Lichtblau, The Nazis Next Door 68). Unbeknownst to spectators, that man was Adolf Eichmann, aide to the Fascist dictator Adolf Hitler. Along with Hitler and other Third Reich Nazis, he had organized the Holocaust—a massive genocide murdering eleven million people. How is it possible that, after all of these years, Eichmann remained hidden?Read MoreHitler s Suicide Or Escape Cover Up?1487 Words   |  6 Pagesruling as a dictator (World War II). During his rise to power and his time as Chancellor, Hitler focused on spreading hate and propaganda against the Jewish Race (World War II). He also passed antisemtic laws (World War II). All of this lead to the Genocide, which was the killing of millions of Jewish people and World War II (World War II). As it became clear that Hitler was going to lose the war and be captured, he and his wife supposedly committed suicide, in their bunker, to avoid capture.

The Hidden Dimension By Edward T. Hall - 1486 Words

The Hidden Dimension by Edward T. Hall (originally published in 1969 by Anchor Books) examines cultural perceptions of space and outlines the important roles space has relating to urban city design, human interaction, cross-culture relationships, and architecture. The uses of space across cultural groups is examined in depth by Hall and an explanation of the application of spatial organisations in different parts of the world is attributed to upbringings and intergenerational conventions relating to the location’s history of human life. From an American Perspective, Hall explores problems that Americans have had in understanding distinct cultures uses and meanings assigned to space and time. Hall begins by explaining types of sensory stimulation and past experiences giving meaning to space and human interaction. However, space in relation to architecture and physical structures isn’t the only type of space discussed, but Hall also introduces a systematic approach to jud ging intimate, personal, social and public spaces in relation to human proximity and what can be experienced through sensory stimulation in each of these phases. Space is explored through many different approaches such as physical structures, sensory stimulation, culture, human interaction, linguistics, proximity and time. In the extracted text from Hall’s book, he begins by explaining different perceptions of space through different receptors and uses of senses. Hall outlines his observation of WesternersShow MoreRelatedEssay The Cultural Context of Language901 Words   |  4 Pageswill look at Zimbabwe’s cultural context defined by Edward T Hall’s context theories focusing on their main written and verbal languages in the country. Edward T Hall’s was an Anthologist that had three theories: High / Low Communication Context, Monochronic and Polychronic time, and Conception of Time and Proxemics. High / Low Communication Context looks at the levels in which the individual or collective interacts between cultures. In 1976, Hall wrote Beyond Culture, and the book stated, â€Å"The informationRead MoreThe Eyes of the Skin Analysis953 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes intimate with reader. The author also makes psychological and physiological references making this argument scientifically sound and not just something rooted in poetry. One of the major textual references that are made, are to Halls book - The Hidden Dimension. The author laments that architects today have forgotten it- and hence his written response to this ignorance. The most appealing aspect of this text is that it can be understood by a lay person, due to the fact that all examples areRead MoreGeert Hofstedes Dimensions of Culture1303 Words   |  6 PagesGeert Hofstede s Dimensions of Culture an d Edward T. Hall s Time Orientations Hofstede s dimensions of culture were derived mainly from his extensive organizational anthropology research in the late 1970s and early 1980s – the scores are general comparisons of values in the countries and regions he studied and can vary greatly within each country. Although Hofstede s work is somewhat dated and has rightly been criticized on a number of grounds the dimens ions are useful in unders tandingRead MoreComparing Brazilian Business Culture with German Business Culture1632 Words   |  7 Pagesparts of the Brazilian business culture with German business culture, the idea of culture itself must be defined. After that, their business relationships can be scrutinized by using the technique of critical incidents. In 1871, the anthropologist Edward B. Taylor was one of the first to define culture as â€Å"That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.â€Å" (Kartha, 2012) A newer interpretationRead MoreThe Effects Of Tactile Communication On The Human Resource Manager ( Hrm )1250 Words   |  5 Pagesabout haptics leads to a more efficient and happier workplace. Importance and Benefits of Proxemics in the Workplace Anthropologist Edward T. Hall coined the term proxemics in the 1960’s to denote the different kinds of distance that occur between people (Carpenter, Bauer, Erdogen, 2012). According to Barker (1990), Edward T. Hall in his book, The Hidden Dimension, personal space can be viewed as an extension of the human body with four distinct spaces or zones. These zones are named intimate,Read MoreViolating Personal Space Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagesand unique. If the boundary is being invaded the pupil becomes hostile or uncomfortable. Everybody has different emotional, sexual, spiritual and relational boundaries and they all have different feelings to what is â€Å"safe†. There is said to be by hall (1966) that there are four different primary zones within an individual’s personal space, the zones include: 1. Public distance-An area around 4 metres is placed between people or groups while in public. 2. Social Distance- interaction is carriedRead MoreCross-Cultural Dynamics in the Workplace2726 Words   |  11 Pagesrefers to the study of an individual’s personal space (Hall 1966) and more specifically the â€Å"study of how people use and perceive physical space in their interactions with others† (Aliakbari, Faraji Pourshakibaee 2011). Further, Proxemics, â€Å"is how people communicate non-verbally through the use of territory and spatial relationships† (Korbe 2008). The term proxemics, was originally coined by Edward T. Hall in his book, The Hidden Dimension (Hall 1966). An individual’s personal space is commonly referredRead MoreThe Principles of Communication1557 Words   |  6 Pagesassumed the closest positions relative to each other , followed by female- female pairs, and finally the male to male who were the most distant. However, According to study-body-language.com (2012) , It was divided by the American anthropologist Edward T. Hall wh o developed the notion of â€Å"Proxemics† into four distance zones, intimate, personal, social and public distance. The first means that when someone is speaking to a person who is intimate to them they prefer them to be within a certain distanceRead MoreCollaboration Within Systems Of Our Physical Environment1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe initial stages of designing a system so that when united the system will prosper, instead of continuously developing without taking a look at the bigger pictures and how society is effected by choices. Conclusion Dr. Edward T Hall states in the hidden dimension that â€Å" man and his environment participate in moulding each other.† I agree with james woudhoussin when he says the world â€Å"doesnt need an extra chair† but before we can look towards creating â€Å" a self cleaning seat† we need to reviseRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Population Density and Noise - Psy 4601767 Words   |  8 Pagesgo down substantially, since db does not follow a linear pattern. Territoriality, Privacy, and Personal Space Proxemics is the study of the human use of space within the context of culture and has been point out by anthropologist Edward T. Hall (1966). Proxemics refers fours fundamental areas: space, distance, privacy and territory. In regard to the concept of noise, the positioning of people in their social and physical worlds is predicated on cultural, psychological, and environmental

The Concept of Civil Society Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Write an Essay on the Concept of Civil Society. Answer: Introduction The concept of civil society was first developed in the West. It is exemplified by the statement that translation of the concept in Chinese has been difficult and confusion lies behind the use of different Chinese terms in describing civil society. However, there has been many discussion and research regarding the concept and there has been continuous efforts in achieving a broader definition by Chinese scholars in the civil society. The sociological concept is described by the term minjian shehui or popular society in Chinese. The political concept is referred as gongmin shehui or citizen society. In China the concept is also categorised as the third sector. The public sector is the first sector, and corporate sector as the second (He2016). Discussion In China, the concept of civil society is still considered as alien. The Chinese organizations view it is a term that is challenging to describe. The term is comparatively new for the countrymen and is mostly chatted among the scholars. It is their opinion that the building up of this civil society has just began and would take time to get established in the future and also get recognized by the government. There is a need for the civil society to prove itself. The WTO membership has made the government show a more open attitude, in turn positively impacting the conditions for civil society in China. The exploration of theterm NGO was confusing for the Chinese, as for them non-government is perceived as anti-government. Therefore, organizations are mostly mentioned as CSOs (civil society organisations), or NPOs (non-profit organisations) (Stockman2013). The advancement of civil society affiliations retreats to before the setting up of the People's Republic in 1949 (Guthrie 2012). Around then there were four sorts of civil society affiliations. One compose was guilds for craftsman in regular fine arts using standard systems, who were either freely utilized or inaccurately invigorated into social occasions. One more was academic affiliations, overwhelmingly confined by Western-instructed accomplished individuals, researchers and specialists. Understudy affiliations, vocational unions, the women's partnership and youth bunches with solid political drive shaped the third sort. Spiritual and charitable affiliations founded the fourth sort (Stockman 2013). Nevertheless, after 1949, as the delayed consequence of the remarkable political variations, all civil society affiliations were either dropped or patched up (Guthrie 2012). In the midst of the Cultural Revolution time period (196676), the workwise arranged CSOs still in nearness, counting guilds and academic affiliations, quit working. The affiliations helping the energy of the experts, specialists, women, youth, understudies and other parties got themselves bound together and politicized under Communist Party headship, instituting what is currently insinuated as mass affiliations (Guthrie 2012). One overall opinion is that individual liberty and adaptability have extended, authorising more important distinct activism than some time as of late, despite the way that space for political affiliations still remains obliged. People come across in extending numbers in diverse communal events to a more imperative degree than some time as of late. Another case is the area for city rendezvous where the course of action of tenants' affiliations is ordinary. The influences of extended area and adaptability are unmistakable in more conspicuous distinct activism and additionally in the advancement of affiliations that either give organizations or supporter for voting socioeconomics (Fulda, Li and Song2012). Conclusion In summation, the affiliations that are closest to our significance of a NGO as a free affiliation, unmistakable from the state, following up in light of a legitimate concern for or modifying a particular voting statistic, and depending isolated wellsprings of financing and work compel, are the predominant relationship, 'in limbo' affiliations, and a bit of the denied social affiliations. Regardless, as the area is not yet straightforwardly portrayed, overall consciousness of the breaking points of what the organization is at this moment masterminded to persevere is along these lines required. References Fulda, A., Li, Y. and Song, Q., 2012. New strategies of civil society in China: A case study of the network governance approach.Journal of Contemporary China,21(76), pp.675-693. Guthrie, D., 2012.China and globalization: The social, economic and political transformation of Chinese society. Routledge. He, B., 2016.The democratic implications of civil society in China. Springer. Stockman, N., 2013.Understanding chinese society. John Wiley Sons.

Real-time, 3-D X-ray Images May Soon Be a Reality an Example of the Topic Science and Technology Essays by

Real-time, 3-D X-ray Images May Soon Be a Reality In the practice of Medicine, X-ray imaging plays a major role in the diagnosis of a patient. Mostly used in emergency situations, it is also widely utilized during medical operation procedures, treating irregularities of organs such as the heart, liver, brain, and others. It is an ideal option for the doctors in having a seeming first hand vision of the internal organs of the patient needing immediate treatment. Need essay sample on "Real-time, 3-D X-ray Images May Soon Be a Reality" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed However, one of the apparent impediments of X-ray machines in the medical profession has been the time frame needed for the film to be developed. Usually, after the patient has been moved to the X-ray room for the said procedures, Radiologic Technologists would need ample time, depending on the thickness of the part oft eh patient being X-rayed, in developing the image in the hospitals dark room. This had been the man reason why in every hospital, X-ray rooms are located on the ground floor, usually near where the emergency rooms are located; to ensure the least amount of time wasted in the patients transfer to and from the emergency rooms. The article released by Science Daily, dated June 17, 2009, regarding the near completion of an X-ray machine with real-time, 3-D imaging capabilities would unquestioningly be a great help for doctors in treating patients of various illnesses, be it in emergency situations, such as vehicular accidents, or in treating internal irregularities of the major organs of the patient. This research, as was stated in Science Daily, done by scientists from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and two Russian science institutes, Voronezh State University and Russian Academy of Sciences, focused on the heavier gaseous atoms instead of the usual low-electron atoms like hydrogen and heliumresulting in the unleashing of much stronger, high-energy X-rays with high intensity (Science Daily, 1). The researchers are not only excited in the medical aspect of the success of their research, but in other fields as well, such as in nanotechnology. They are envisioning a near future where scientists can view in real-time 3-D, through the use of this technology, the microscopic structures under study, such as the DNA (Science Daily, 1). The impeding invention on this field would provide scientists in real-time, with images of the bacteria or viruses being studied in laboratories, in cases where immediate cures are needed to be discovered for the benefit of the populace, such as the N1H1 virus One could only imagine the benefits this would provide if plans to manufacture a portable model of this X-ray device would become a reality. Virtually any medical practitioner, such as the first aid workers of an ambulance team, would have the capability to accurately perform X-rays, and perhaps link the image in real-time to the hospitals, where a certified doctor can diagnose the patient, even before the ambulance arrives, thus making the process faster, more efficient, and perhaps life-saving. Conclusion The invention of a 3-D real-time X-ray imaging brings forth benefits to the medical and scientific world never before experienced since the invention of X-ray itself. Its benefits and applications are virtually limitless, and its conclusion will be, in every aspect, attuned for the benefit and advancement of mankinds development, safety, and health. Work Cited 3-D Real-time X-ray Images May Be Closer to Reality. ScienceDaily 17 June 2009. 18 June 2009 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616103315.htm

Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Essays

Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Essays Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Paper Arguing for Schools Requiring Student Uniforms Paper Ronald Merzier Professor Surrency ENC 1101 26 October 2011 Topic: Arguing for schools requiring student uniforms. Thesis Statement: School uniforms benefit both the students and the faulty. It creates an atmosphere in which the students are able to get the most out of their education. Annotated bibliography: King, K. A. â€Å"Should School Uniforms be Mandated in Elementary Schools†: Journal of School Health. 68: 32–37. This article talks about arguments for and against the use of school uniforms. It explains the dangers of schools not mandated uniforms, some of the examples are kids are into fashion trends like urban clothing. They wear gang related clothing which in turn cause gang members to roam the school area or even enter the school building. It also talks about how kids would be jealous of what another kids are wearing, which in turn would cause bullying. This is related to my research topic because it explains how kids would be in violence towards one another. Marchant,Valerie. â€Å" Dress for Success† Time maginze. 1990. This article talks about how uniforms can have a positive effect on students. The effects are students may become confident in their self and disciplined. Students will be less judgmental of other students because everyone is wearing the same dress code and lastly students will be able to resist peer pressure and focus on their schoolwork. Then it talks about how a high school now wears uniforms cause fewer distractions, less suspensions and better attendance. This is related to my topic because it talks about the positive effects of wearing school uniforms. Wilkins, Joe. â€Å"School uniforms. † Humanist, 59. 2 (1999), 19-22. This article talks about the different aspects of how school uniforms can influence students daily life. It talks about how the schools can identify the intruders and how parents would be saving money instead of buying expensive name brand clothing or urban clothing. This is related to my topic because its talking about how uniforms will help out students and parents. Boutelle, Marsha. â€Å"Uniforms: Are They a Good Fit? † Education Digest, 73. (2008), 35-37. This article is about the different viewpoints on school uniforms. It talks about dress codes and how school uniforms effect the students. One other thing it talks about is how school uniforms teach good values and good citizenship and uniform promote safety. This article is related to my topic because its helping me decide on what I can use as my supporting details and main reasons why school uniforms should be required. Damast, Alison. â€Å" Return of the Dress Code. † Business Week. 2007. This article talks about marketing students at Illinois State University are required to follow a dress code when they are going to class. It talks about the reactions the students made, like some students like the change. They feel that it prepares them for the real world another’s say the policy is fine but feel that why they have to wear it to non- marketing class. This article is related to my topic because it talks about how uniforms are good for you which can give me more supporting details to write about

Controversial Speech Topics

Controversial Speech Topics Speeches can be intimidating, and that feeling of being â€Å"on stage† seems all the more concerning when you have to talk about a controversial subject. The most important factor to consider when planning your controversial speech is choosing a good topic that fits your personality. You will know if a topic is a good fit for you if it meets certain criteria: The topic stirs an immediate emotional reaction in you.The emotional reaction is ​not so strong that you risk â€Å"losing it† if someone disagrees!You can think of at least three important facts or subtopics to help you take a  stand and organize a sound case. Use the topics below as inspiration for your assignment, whether you are planning to write a controversial speech or an argument essay. Each  topic is followed by a brief prompt, but that prompt is not the only way to approach your topic. The list is designed to inspire ideas. You may choose a different approach to one of the topics. Controversial Topics to Write About Abortion- Under what circumstances should it be legal? You may want to consider age and health issues.Affordable Care Act- Is an individual’s access to healthcare a legitimate concern of the federal government?Adoption- Should citizens from wealthy countries be able to adopt children from Third World countries? Should gay couples adopt?Age Discrimination- Should the government create policies to ensure that employers don’t discriminate based on age?Airport Security Measures- How much privacy are we willing to sacrifice in the name of flight safety?Animal Rights- When we promote animal rights, do we restrict human rights? What is the proper balance?Arms Control- Whos responsible for controlling arms trades around the world?Arms Trading- What are the ethical implications?Birth Control- What concerns do you have about age? Access? Affordability?Border Control- What measures are ethical?  Bullying- Are we all guilty in some way? How can we reduce bullying?Crimes on Colleg e Campuses- How can students stay safe? Censorship- When is it necessary for public safety?Chemical Weapons- When are they ethical? Are they ever?Child Labor- Where in the world is this a problem today? Is it your problem?Child Abuse- When is it OK to step in?Child Pornography- Is individual privacy more important than child safety?Cloning- Is cloning ethical?  Common Core- What is the truth? Is it dumbing down our students?Conservation- Should the government promote conservation?Cutting and Self-Harm- When should you say something if you suspect cutting is  happening?Cyber Bullying- When are we guilty?Date Rape- Are we doing all that we can? Do we blame victims?Death Penalty- Is it ever okay to kill someone? When is it okay in your opinion?Disaster Relief- Which measures really work?  Domestic Violence- When should we speak up?Drinking and Driving- Do you know someone who pushes the boundaries?Drug Trade- Is the government doing enough? What should change?Eating Disorders- What if you suspect a friend has a problem? Equal Pay- Are we making progress? Euthanasia / Assisted Suicide- Where are the ethical boundaries? What if a loved one was facing this choice?Fast Food- Should the government have a say about fast food menus?Food Shortages- Do we have an ethical obligation?Foreign Aid- How much of a role should your nation play?Fracking- What about your own backyard?Free Speech- Is this more important than public safety?Gang Violence- How can it be reduced? What are the causes?Gay Rights- Are we making progress or are we regressing?  Gerrymandering- How much should we control when it comes to drawing lines?GMO Foods- How do you feel about labeling? Should we label all modified foods?Global Warming- Where is science? What do you think?Government Surveillance- Is it OK for the government to spy in the name of public safety?Gun Laws- What does that amendment really mean?  Habitat Destruction- Should the government protect animals from human encroachment?Hate Crimes- Should hate crimes result in stiffer penalties?Hazing- When does fu n and tradition become dangerous behavior? Who decides this? Homelessness- How much should we do for the homeless?Hostage Release/Trade- Should the government ever negotiate?Human Population- Should it ever be controlled? Are there too many people on the planet?Human Trafficking- Are governments doing enough to protect the innocent? Should they do more?Internet and Gaming Addiction- Are teens at risk? Should there be limits to teen access?Juvenile Delinquency- When should teen criminals be treated as adults?Illegal Immigration- What is the most ethical response? Where should we draw lines?Legalization of Marijuana- What is the impact?Mass Shootings- Is this a mental health problem or a gun control problem?Media Bias- Is the media fair and balanced? How has the internet made things better or worse?Medical Records and Privacy- Who should have access to your medical information?Meth Use- How do we educate young people about the hazards?Military Spending- Do we spend too much? Too little? Is this a safety issue?Minimum Wage Increase- What should b e the minimum?Modern Slavery- How do we end it?   National Rifle Association- Are they too powerful? Not powerful enough?Obesity in Children- Should this be a government concern?Outsourcing Jobs- When do we dictate to businesses about outsourcing, and when do we be â€Å"hands off?†Photobombing- Is this a privacy concern? Are there legal issues to consider?Poaching- How do we protect endangered animals? What penalties should be in place?Prayer in Schools- Whose business is this? Does the government have a say?Prescription Drug Use- Are teens over-drugged? What about younger children?Racial Profiling- Have you been a victim?Racism- Is it getting worse or better?Rape Trials- Are victims treated fairly? Are the accused?Recycling and Conservation- Do we do enough? Is it anybody’s business what you do?Same-Sex Marriage- Is this a problem or a non-issue?Selfies and Social Media Images- Is self-image becoming a mental health issue?Sex Trade- How can we stop this?Sexual Promiscuity- When is it dangerous? What should we do?Sext ing- How is this dangerous and destructive? School Vouchers- Should they exist?Social Networking and Privacy- Who has the rights to your image? Your reputation?Stand Your Ground Laws- How much is too much  when it comes to self-defense?Standardized Tests- Are they fair?Stem Cell Research- What is ethical?Teen Depression- Who is in danger?Teen Pregnancy- Is education effective enough?Teens and Self-Image- What is harmful?Terrorism- How do we fight it?Texting While Driving- Should it be illegal?Violence in Movies- Is it harmful?Violence in Music- Is this art?Violence in Schools- Are you safe? Where do we draw the line between freedom and safety?Violence in Video Games- What are the effects?Water Shortages- Who has rights to water?World Hunger- Is it our obligation to feed others?

Interpersonal Conflict Management in Children's Homes Essay

Interpersonal Conflict Management in Children's Homes - Essay Example In-depth interview of staff and observation of children’s interaction in their natural setting were used to collect data where thematic analysis was continuously being employed. The investigation first found that conflict issues among children in care- giving settings were identified as being linked to material items, name-calling, performance of chores, and the use of electronic devices. Secondly, the conflict management strategies employed, and the outcomes of these strategies were preventative and reactive measures, which resulted in both resolution and reoccurrence of conflict behaviour. It was then determined that there is a preference for third party intervention by staff to manage interpersonal conflict among children in these care giving communities, however it was concluded that mediation as such third party intervention is not suitable for Children’s Homes. I would like to acknowledge the management and administration of the five children’s homes studie d for granting me permission to conduct research at their residences. I am especially thankful to the staff that allowed me to interview them and willingly provided the information needed. Also, adult residences of two homes allowed me to interview them, and I would like to express my gratitude for their personal accounts, and grateful to all the persons in the homes inclusive of children whose interactions I had observed. As defined by the Trinidad and Tobago Children’s Community Residences, Foster Homes and Nursery Act 2000.

Achitecture in the Modern Arab and Islamic World Essay

Achitecture in the Modern Arab and Islamic World - Essay Example id to contain the head of John the Baptist, a man honored as a prophet by the Christian and Muslim faithfuls, as well as some fragments of Syrio-Roman, which still remain in the structure. The mosque stands on the site of a 1st century Hellenic temple to Jupiter and of a later church of St. John the Baptist3. The mosque occupies a huge quadrangle 515 by 330 feet (approximated at 157 by 100m) and contains a large open courtyard surrounded by an arcade of arches supported by slender columns4. The Liwan, also known as the hall of worship, runs through the length of the south side of the mosque. This section has three divisions of long isles by rows of columns and arches. The marble grilles that cover the windows in the south wall are part of the earliest examples of geometric interlace in Islamic architecture5. On the other hand, the walls of the mosque once covered with more than one acre of mosaics depicting a fanciful landscape thought to be the Quranic paradise, though only fragments survive to this day. Timur destroyed the original construction of the mosque in 1401, but the Arabs rebuilt it, then it later suffered major damages from a razing fire in 18936. This undertook another reconstruction project even though it was impossible to restore the magnificent structure back to its origi nal splendor. However, the Umayyad Great Mosque of Damascus still stands as an impressive architectural monument of Islam. As mentioned earlier, the mosque underwent a number of reconstructions but these did not destroy its basic plan7. The original setting of the mosque contained an arcade of the sanctuary faced and it comprised of one pier alternating with two columns. This changed subsequently to piers only. The mosque also contains a range of different arch forms used in the arcades inclusive of round, slightly pointed arches, and semi-circular horseshoe. The walls of the mosque have decorations of glass mosaics similar to those in the Dome of the rock8. These mosaics contain

The Life and Times of William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

The Life and Times of William Shakespeare Essay John Whitgift was the bishop of Worcester from 1577 to 1583, when he was translated to the see of Canterbury. Worcester was 21 miles west of Stratford, and the consistory court there the place where a marriage license, issued to a local parish priest, might be obtained. Whitgifts register for the date November 27, 1582 indicates the issuance of a license for marriage between William Shaxpere and Anne Whateley of Temple Grafton. At the time, Shakespeare would have been 18 years old. I reproduce the register entry below in facsimile, from Joseph William Gray, Shakespeares Marriage, Chapman Hall, 1905; followed by the context and literal translation from Cartae Shakespeareanae. Note that this is the entry from the Bishops register, not the license itself, which has not survived. The next day, November 28, 1582, a marriage bond was entered into by Fulke Sandells and John Rychardson, farmers of Shottery, Anne Hathaways village. The purpose of the bond was to indemnify the church in case some later lawful impediment is found to the marriage since the banns were only going to be pronounced once, rather than the stipulated three times. The gentlemen in question were friends of the Hathaway family from Shottery, and stood surety for ? 40. In fact, Sandells seems to have been acting as agent for the Hathaway family, performing the duties of father since Richard Hathaway was recently deceased. Sandells had supervised his will, i. e. , acted as trustee, and Rychardson had witnessed it. Richard Hathaway had been married twice. Anne was the firstborn of four children (1556) by his first wife. His first wifes name is unknown, but lived in Temple Grafton. His second wife was named Joan who died about 1600. Richard Hathaway died in September, 1581. The bond clearly describes intended marriage between William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway of Stratford. I reproduce it in transcript below, from the Cartae Shakespeareanae, the beginning paragraph in Latin simply states the parties, amounts, date, and officers of the diocese acting as witnesses: Noverint universi per praesentes nos Fulconem Sandells de Stratford in comitatu Warwici agricolam et Johannem Rychardson ibidem agricolam, teneri et firmiter obligari Ricardo Cosin generoso et Roberto Warmstry notario  publico in quadraginta libris bonae et legalis monetae Angliae solvend. Eisdem Ricardo et Roberto haered. execut. et assignat. suis ad quam quidem solucionem bene et fideliter faciend. obligamus nos et utrumque nostrum per se pro toto et in solid. haered. executor. et administrator, nostros firmiter per praesentes. sigillis nostris sigillat. Dat 28 die Novem. Anno regni dominae nostrae Eliz. Dei gratia Angliae Franc. at Hiberniae Regime fidei defensor c. 25. The condicion of this obligacion ys suche that if herafter there shall not appere any lawfull lett or impediment by reason of any precontract, consanguitie, affinitie or by any other lawfull meanes whatsoever, but that  Willm Shagspere one thone partie and Anne Hathwey of Stratford in the dioces of Worcester, maiden, may lawfully solemnize matrimony together, and in the same afterwardes remaine and continew like man and wiffe according unto the lawes in that behalf provided; And moreover if there be not at this present time any action sute quarrell or demaund moved or depending before any judge ecclesiasticall or temporall for and concerning any such lawfull lett or impediment; and moreover if the said Willm do not proceed to solemnization of mariadg with the said Anne Hathwey without the consent of hir frindes. And also if the said Willm do upon his owne proper costes and expenses defend and save harmles the right reverend Father in God Lord John Bishop of Worcester and his offycers for licencing them the said Willm and Anne to be maried together with once asking of the bannes of matrimony betwene them and for all other causes which may ensue by reason or occasion therof that then the said obligacion to be void and of none effect or els to stand and abide in full force and vertue. The bond is signed with the marks of Sandells and Rychardson, who are described as being de Stratford but were actually from Shottery. I reproduce the marks below, from Halliwell-Phillipps The Life of William Shakespeare, p. 112: The chancellor of the diocesan consistory court was Richard Cosin (Ricardo Cosin) assisted by registrar Robert Warmstry (Roberto Warmstry). The effect of the bond was that the marriage might proceed with once asking of the bannes, as noted above, rather than asking the banns on three succeeding weeks.

Americas Role in the World Trade Organization Debate Over China Essay

America's Role in the World Trade Organization Debate Over China The open question on Chinese accession, both in the WTO and in China itself, is whether China is more likely to adopt and sustain economic reforms if it is granted early membership or if membership is delayed until policy reforms are undertaken. (Schott 40, 1996) I. Introduction This observation from Jeffery Schott of the Institute for International Economics captures the essence of the China-World Trade Organization debate in America and the world today. China’s unprecedented economic growth has put it at the forefront of the US trade agenda. America’s is the biggest economy and China’s is the most populous nation, in terms of sheer number of people. To conjoin these two great international forces in a more complete way than the previous, bilateral agreements have would be of immeasurable value to both countries. Just in the past two weeks, China and the United States concluded their much-anticipated bilateral trade agreement, which paves the way for China’s accession intro the WTO. Concurrently, the United States has some domestic issues to resolve regarding its trade relationship with China before China can become a universally accepted member. The organ that embodies this global trading order is of course the World Trade Organ ization, or WTO. As we will see in greater depth later in this paper, the United States has a crucial, one could say pivotal, role in allowing China to be totally accepted into the world economy. Underlying all these discussions of politics and legalities, there remains the premise that both the United States and China are eager for China to become an equal, active participant in the world trading system. Both are poin... ...Uruguay Round. Geneva: World Trade Organization Grow, Roy and Burton Levin and Al Porte and Robert White. 1998. "United States-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century" The American Assembly at Columbia University Haass, Richard and Nicholas Lardy. 1997. "The United States and China" A New Framework." Brookings Institute Lardy, Nicholas. 1997. "China and the WTO" Brooking Institute Robertson, Jack. 1999. "China is on slow boat to the WTO." Electronic Buyers’ News Issue 1184, page PG4 Schott, Jeffrey. 1996. WTO 2000:Setting the Course for World Trade. Washington, DC: The Institute for International Economics Smith, Adam. 1981 [1776] .An Inquiry into The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund The Wall Street Journal, November 16, 1999. The Dow Jones Company

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 56-59

CHAPTER 56 Sophie stared at Teabing a long moment and then turned to Langdon. â€Å"The Holy Grail is a person?† Langdon nodded. â€Å"A woman, in fact.† From the blank look on Sophie's face, Langdon could tell they had already lost her. He recalled having a similar reaction the first time he heard the statement. It was not until he understood the symbology behind the Grail that the feminine connection became clear. Teabing apparently had a similar thought. â€Å"Robert, perhaps this is the moment for the symbologist to clarify?† He went to a nearby end table, found a piece of paper, and laid it in front of Langdon. Langdon pulled a pen from his pocket. â€Å"Sophie, are you familiar with the modern icons for male and female?† He drew the common male symbol The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code â€Å"Of course,† she said. â€Å"These,† he said quietly,† are not the original symbols for male and female. Many people incorrectly assume the male symbol is derived from a shield and spear, while the female symbol represents a mirror reflecting beauty. In fact, the symbols originated as ancient astronomical symbols for the planet-god Mars and planet-goddess Venus. The original symbols are far simpler.† Langdon drew another icon on the paper. The Da Vinci Code â€Å"This symbol is the original icon for male,†he told her. â€Å"A rudimentary phallus.† â€Å"Quite to the point,† Sophie said. â€Å"As it were,† Teabing added. Langdon went on. â€Å"This icon is formally known as the blade, and it represents aggression and manhood. In fact, this exact phallus symbol is still used today on modern military uniforms to denote rank.† â€Å"Indeed.† Teabing grinned. â€Å"The more penises you have, the higher your rank. Boys will be boys.† Langdon winced. â€Å"Moving on, the female symbol, as you might imagine, is the exact opposite.† He drew another symbol on the page. â€Å"This is called the chalice.† The Da Vinci Code Sophie glanced up, looking surprised. Langdon could see she had made the connection. â€Å"The chalice,† he said,† resembles a cup or vessel, and more important, it resembles the shape of a woman's womb. This symbol communicates femininity, womanhood, and fertility.† Langdon looked directly at her now.† Sophie, legend tells us the Holy Grail is a chalice – a cup. But the Grail's description as a chaliceis actually an allegory to protect the true nature of the Holy Grail. That is to say, the legend uses the chalice as a metaphor for something far more important.† â€Å"A woman,† Sophie said. â€Å"Exactly.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"The Grail is literally the ancient symbol for womanhood, and the Holy Grail represents the sacred feminine and the goddess, which of course has now been lost, virtually eliminated by the Church. The power of the female and her ability to produce life was once very sacred, but it posed a threat to the rise of the predominantly male Church, and so the sacred feminine was demonized and called unclean. It was man, not God, who created the concept of â€Å"original sin,† whereby Eve tasted of the apple and caused the downfall of the human race. Woman, once the sacred giver of life, was now the enemy.† â€Å"I should add,† Teabing chimed,† that this concept of woman as life-bringer was the foundation of ancient religion. Childbirth was mystical and powerful. Sadly, Christian philosophy decided to embezzle the female's creative power by ignoring biological truth and making man the Creator. Genesis tells us that Eve was created from Adam's rib. Woman became an offshoot of man. And a sinful one at that. Genesis was the beginning of the end for the goddess.† â€Å"The Grail,† Langdon said,† is symbolic of the lost goddess. When Christianity came along, the old pagan religions did not die easily. Legends of chivalric quests for the lost Grail were in fact stories of forbidden quests to find the lost sacred feminine. Knights who claimed to be† searching for the chalice† were speaking in code as a way to protect themselves from a Church that had subjugated women, banished the Goddess, burned nonbelievers, and forbidden the pagan reverence for the sacred feminine.† Sophie shook her head. â€Å"I'm sorry, when you said the Holy Grail was a person, I thought you meant it was an actual person.† â€Å"It is,† Langdon said. â€Å"And not just any person,† Teabing blurted, clambering excitedly to his feet. â€Å"A woman who carried with her a secret so powerful that, if revealed, it threatened to devastate the very foundation of Christianity!† Sophie looked overwhelmed. â€Å"Is this woman well known in history?† â€Å"Quite.† Teabing collected his crutches and motioned down the hall. â€Å"And if we adjourn to the study, my friends, it would be my honor to show you Da Vinci's painting of her.† Two rooms away, in the kitchen, manservant Remy Legaludec stood in silence before a television. The news station was broadcasting photos of a man and woman†¦ the same two individuals to whom Remy had just served tea. CHAPTER 57 Standing at the roadblock outside the Depository Bank of Zurich, Lieutenant Collet wondered what was taking Fache so long to come up with the search warrant. The bankers were obviously hiding something. They claimed Langdon and Neveu had arrived earlier and were turned away from the bank because they did not have proper account identification. So why won't they let us inside for a look? Finally, Collet's cellular phone rang. It was the command post at the Louvre. â€Å"Do we have a search warrant yet?† Collet demanded. â€Å"Forget about the bank, Lieutenant,† the agent told him. â€Å"We just got a tip. We have the exact location where Langdon and Neveu are hiding.† Collet sat down hard on the hood of his car. â€Å"You're kidding.† â€Å"I have an address in the suburbs. Somewhere near Versailles.† â€Å"Does Captain Fache know?† â€Å"Not yet. He's busy on an important call.† â€Å"I'm on my way. Have him call as soon as he's free.† Collet took down the address and jumped in his car. As he peeled away from the bank, Collet realized he had forgotten to ask who had tipped DCPJ off to Langdon's location. Not that it mattered. Collet had been blessed with a chance to redeem his skepticism and earlier blunders. He was about to make the most high-profile arrest of his career. Collet radioed the five cars accompanying him. â€Å"No sirens, men. Langdon can't know we're coming.† Forty kilometers away, a black Audi pulled off a rural road and parked in the shadows on the edge of a field. Silas got out and peered through the rungs of the wrought-iron fence that encircled the vast compound before him. He gazed up the long moonlit slope to the chateau in the distance. The downstairs lights were all ablaze. Odd for this hour, Silas thought, smiling. The information the Teacher had given him was obviously accurate. I will not leave this house without the keystone, he vowed. I will not fail the bishop and the Teacher. Checking the thirteen-round clip in his Heckler Koch, Silas pushed it through the bars and let it fall onto the mossy ground inside the compound. Then, gripping the top of the fence, he heaved himself up and over, dropping to the ground on the other side. Ignoring the slash of pain from his cilice, Silas retrieved his gun and began the long trek up the grassy slope. CHAPTER 58 Teabing's† study† was like no study Sophie had ever seen. Six or seven times larger than even the most luxurious of office spaces, the knight's cabinet de travail resembled an ungainly hybrid of science laboratory, archival library, and indoor flea market. Lit by three overhead chandeliers, the boundless tile floor was dotted with clustered islands of worktables buried beneath books, artwork, artifacts, and a surprising amount of electronic gear – computers, projectors, microscopes, copy machines, and flatbed scanners. â€Å"I converted the ballroom,† Teabing said, looking sheepish as he shuffled into the room. â€Å"I have little occasion to dance.† Sophie felt as if the entire night had become some kind of twilight zone where nothing was as she expected. â€Å"This is all for your work?† â€Å"Learning the truth has become my life's love,† Teabing said. â€Å"And the Sangreal is my favorite mistress.† The Holy Grail is a woman, Sophie thought, her mind a collage of interrelated ideas that seemed to make no sense. â€Å"You said you have a picture of this woman who you claim is the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Yes, but it is not I who claim she is the Grail. Christ Himself made that claim.† â€Å"Which one is the painting?† Sophie asked, scanning the walls.† Hmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Teabing made a show of seeming to have forgotten. â€Å"The Holy Grail. The Sangreal. The Chalice.† He wheeled suddenly and pointed to the far wall. On it hung an eight-foot-long print of The Last Supper, the same exact image Sophie had just been looking at. â€Å"There she is!† Sophie was certain she had missed something. â€Å"That's the same painting you just showed me.† He winked. â€Å"I know, but the enlargement is so much more exciting. Don't you think?† Sophie turned to Langdon for help. â€Å"I'm lost.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"As it turns out, the Holy Grail does indeed make an appearance in The LastSupper.Leonardo included her prominently.† â€Å"Hold on,† Sophie said. â€Å"You told me the Holy Grail is a woman.The Last Supper is a painting of thirteen men.† â€Å"Is it?† Teabing arched his eyebrows. â€Å"Take a closer look.† Uncertain, Sophie made her way closer to the painting, scanning the thirteen figures – Jesus Christ in the middle, six disciples on His left, and six on His right. â€Å"They're all men,† she confirmed. â€Å"Oh?† Teabing said. â€Å"How about the one seated in the place of honor, at the right hand of the Lord?† Sophie examined the figure to Jesus' immediate right, focusing in. As she studied the person's face and body, a wave of astonishment rose within her. The individual had flowing red hair, delicate folded hands, and the hint of a bosom. It was, without a doubt†¦ female. â€Å"That's a woman!† Sophie exclaimed. Teabing was laughing. â€Å"Surprise, surprise. Believe me, it's no mistake. Leonardo was skilled at painting the difference between the sexes.† Sophie could not take her eyes from the woman beside Christ. The Last Supper is supposed to be thirteen men.Who is this woman? Although Sophie had seen this classic image many times, she had not once noticed this glaring discrepancy. â€Å"Everyone misses it,† Teabing said. â€Å"Our preconceived notions of this scene are so powerful that our mind blocks out the incongruity and overrides our eyes.† â€Å"It's known as skitoma,†Langdon added. â€Å"The brain does it sometimes with powerful symbols.† â€Å"Another reason you might have missed the woman,† Teabing said,† is that many of the photographs in art books were taken before 1954, when the details were still hidden beneath layers of grime and several restorative repaintings done by clumsy hands in the eighteenth century. Now, at last, the fresco has been cleaned down to Da Vinci's original layer of paint.† He motioned to the photograph. â€Å"Et voila!† Sophie moved closer to the image. The woman to Jesus' right was young and pious-looking, with a demure face, beautiful red hair, and hands folded quietly. This is the woman who singlehandedly could crumble the Church? â€Å"Who is she?† Sophie asked. â€Å"That, my dear,† Teabing replied,† is Mary Magdalene.† Sophie turned. â€Å"The prostitute?† Teabing drew a short breath, as if the word had injured him personally. â€Å"Magdalene was no such thing. That unfortunate misconception is the legacy of a smear campaign launched by the early Church. The Church needed to defame Mary Magdalene in order to cover up her dangerous secret – her role as the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Her role?† â€Å"As I mentioned,† Teabing clarified,† the early Church needed to convince the world that the mortal prophet Jesus was a divine being. Therefore, any gospels that described earthly aspects of Jesus' life had to be omitted from the Bible. Unfortunately for the early editors, one particularly troubling earthly theme kept recurring in the gospels. Mary Magdalene.† He paused. â€Å"More specifically, her marriage to Jesus Christ.† â€Å"I beg your pardon?† Sophie's eyes moved to Langdon and then back to Teabing. â€Å"It's a matter of historical record,† Teabing said,† and Da Vinci was certainly aware of that fact. The Last Supper practically shouts at the viewer that Jesus and Magdalene were a pair.† Sophie glanced back to the fresco. â€Å"Notice that Jesus and Magdalene are clothed as mirror images of one another.† Teabing pointed to the two individuals in the center of the fresco. Sophie was mesmerized. Sure enough, their clothes were inverse colors. Jesus wore a red robe and blue cloak; Mary Magdalene wore a blue robe and red cloak. Yin and yang. â€Å"Venturing into the more bizarre,† Teabing said,† note that Jesus and His bride appear to be joined at the hip and are leaning away from one another as if to create this clearly delineated negative space between them.† Even before Teabing traced the contour for her, Sophie saw it – the indisputable V shape at the focal point of the painting. It was the same symbol Langdon had drawn earlier for the Grail, the chalice, and the female womb. â€Å"Finally,† Teabing said,† if you view Jesus and Magdalene as compositional elements rather than as people, you will see another obvious shape leap out at you.† He paused. â€Å"A letter of the alphabet.† Sophie saw it at once. To say the letter leapt out at her was an understatement. The letter was suddenly all Sophie could see. Glaring in the center of the painting was the unquestionable outline of an enormous, flawlessly formed letter M. â€Å"A bit too perfect for coincidence, wouldn't you say?† Teabing asked. Sophie was amazed. â€Å"Why is it there?† Teabing shrugged. â€Å"Conspiracy theorists will tell you it stands for Matrimonio or Mary Magdalene. To be honest, nobody is certain. The only certainty is that the hidden M is no mistake. Countless Grail-related works contain the hidden letter M – whether as watermarks, underpaintings, or compositional allusions. The most blatant M, of course, is emblazoned on the altar at Our Lady of Paris in London, which was designed by a former Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, Jean Cocteau.† Sophie weighed the information. â€Å"I'll admit, the hidden M's are intriguing, although I assume nobody is claiming they are proof of Jesus' marriage to Magdalene.† â€Å"No, no,† Teabing said, going to a nearby table of books. â€Å"As I said earlier, the marriage of Jesus and Mary Magdalene is part of the historical record.† He began pawing through his book collection. â€Å"Moreover, Jesus as a married man makes infinitely more sense than our standard biblical view of Jesus as a bachelor.† â€Å"Why?† Sophie asked. â€Å"Because Jesus was a Jew,† Langdon said, taking over while Teabing searched for his book,† and the social decorum during that time virtually forbid a Jewish man to be unmarried. According to Jewish custom, celibacy was condemned, and the obligation for a Jewish father was to find a suitable wife for his son. If Jesus were not married, at least one of the Bible's gospels would have mentioned it and offered some explanation for His unnatural state of bachelorhood.† Teabing located a huge book and pulled it toward him across the table. The leather-bound edition was poster-sized, like a huge atlas. The cover read: The Gnostic Gospels.Teabing heaved it open, and Langdon and Sophie joined him. Sophie could see it contained photographs of what appeared to be magnified passages of ancient documents – tattered papyrus with handwritten text. She did not recognize the ancient language, but the facing pages bore typed translations. â€Å"These are photocopies of the Nag Hammadi and Dead Sea scrolls, which I mentioned earlier,† Teabing said. â€Å"The earliest Christian records. Troublingly, they do not match up with the gospels in the Bible.† Flipping toward the middle of the book, Teabing pointed to a passage. â€Å"The Gospel of Philip is always a good place to start.† Sophie read the passage: And the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. Christ loved her more than all the disciples and used to kiss her often on her mouth. The rest of the disciples were offended by it and expressed disapproval. They said to him,† Why do you love her more than all of us?† The words surprised Sophie, and yet they hardly seemed conclusive. â€Å"It says nothing of marriage.† â€Å"Au contraire.† Teabing smiled, pointing to the first line. â€Å"As any Aramaic scholar will tell you, the word companion, in those days, literally meant spouse.† Langdon concurred with a nod. Sophie read the first line again. And the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. Teabing flipped through the book and pointed out several other passages that, to Sophie's surprise, clearly suggested Magdalene and Jesus had a romantic relationship. As she read the passages, Sophie recalled an angry priest who had banged on her grandfather's door when she was a schoolgirl. â€Å"Is this the home of Jacques Sauniere?† the priest had demanded, glaring down at young Sophie when she pulled open the door. â€Å"I want to talk to him about this editorial he wrote.† The priest held up a newspaper. Sophie summoned her grandfather, and the two men disappeared into his study and closed the door. My grandfather wrote something in the paper? Sophie immediately ran to the kitchen and flipped through that morning's paper. She found her grandfather's name on an article on the second page. She read it. Sophie didn't understand all of what was said, but it sounded like the French government, under pressure from priests, had agreed to ban an American movie called The Last Temptation of Christ, which was about Jesus having sex with a lady called Mary Magdalene. Her grandfather's article said the Church was arrogant and wrong to ban it. No wonder the priest is mad, Sophie thought. â€Å"It's pornography! Sacrilege!† the priest yelled, emerging from the study and storming to the front door. â€Å"How can you possibly endorse that! This American Martin Scorsese is a blasphemer, and the Church will permit him no pulpit in France!† The priest slammed the door on his way out. When her grandfather came into the kitchen, he saw Sophie with the paper and frowned. â€Å"You're quick.† Sophie said,† You think Jesus Christ had a girlfriend?† â€Å"No, dear, I said the Church should not be allowed to tell us what notions we can and can't entertain.† â€Å"Did Jesus have a girlfriend?† Her grandfather was silent for several moments. â€Å"Would it be so bad if He did?† Sophie considered it and then shrugged. â€Å"I wouldn't mind.† Sir Leigh Teabing was still talking. â€Å"I shan't bore you with the countless references to Jesus and Magdalene's union. That has been explored ad nauseum by modern historians. I would, however, like to point out the following.† He motioned to another passage. â€Å"This is from the Gospel of Mary Magdalene.† Sophie had not known a gospel existed in Magdalene's words. She read the text: And Peter said,† Did the Saviour really speak with a woman without our knowledge? Are we to turn about and all listen to her? Did he prefer her to us?† And Levi answered,† Peter, you have always been hot-tempered. Now I see you contending against the woman like an adversary. If the Saviour made her worthy, who are you indeed to reject her? Surely the Saviour knows her very well. That is why he loved her more than us.† â€Å"The woman they are speaking of,† Teabing explained,† is Mary Magdalene. Peter is jealous of her.† â€Å"Because Jesus preferred Mary?† â€Å"Not only that. The stakes were far greater than mere affection. At this point in the gospels, Jesus suspects He will soon be captured and crucified. So He gives Mary Magdalene instructions on how to carry on His Church after He is gone. As a result, Peter expresses his discontent over playing second fiddle to a woman. I daresay Peter was something of a sexist.† Sophie was trying to keep up. â€Å"This is Saint Peter. The rock on which Jesus built His Church.† â€Å"The same, except for one catch. According to these unaltered gospels, it was not Peter to whom Christ gave directions with which to establish the Christian Church. It was Mary Magdalene.† Sophie looked at him. â€Å"You're saying the Christian Church was to be carried on by a woman?† â€Å"That was the plan. Jesus was the original feminist. He intended for the future of His Church to be in the hands of Mary Magdalene.† â€Å"And Peter had a problem with that,† Langdon said, pointing to The Last Supper. â€Å"That's Peter there. You can see that Da Vinci was well aware of how Peter felt about Mary Magdalene.† Again, Sophie was speechless. In the painting, Peter was leaning menacingly toward Mary Magdalene and slicing his blade-like hand across her neck. The same threatening gesture as in Madonna of the Rocks! â€Å"And here too,† Langdon said, pointing now to the crowd of disciples near Peter. â€Å"A bit ominous, no?† Sophie squinted and saw a hand emerging from the crowd of disciples. â€Å"Is that hand wielding a dagger?† â€Å"Yes. Stranger still, if you count the arms, you'll see that this hand belongs to†¦ no one at all. It's disembodied. Anonymous.† Sophie was starting to feel overwhelmed. â€Å"I'm sorry, I still don't understand how all of this makes Mary Magdalene the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Aha!† Teabing exclaimed again. â€Å"Therein lies the rub!† He turned once more to the table and pulled out a large chart, spreading it out for her. It was an elaborate genealogy. â€Å"Few people realize that Mary Magdalene, in addition to being Christ's right hand, was a powerful woman already.† Sophie could now see the title of the family tree. THE TRIBE OF BENJAMIN â€Å"Mary Magdalene is here,† Teabing said, pointing near the top of the genealogy. Sophie was surprised. â€Å"She was of the House of Benjamin?† â€Å"Indeed,† Teabing said. â€Å"Mary Magdalene was of royal descent.† â€Å"But I was under the impression Magdalene was poor.† Teabing shook his head. â€Å"Magdalene was recast as a whore in order to erase evidence of her powerful family ties.† Sophie found herself again glancing at Langdon, who again nodded. She turned back to Teabing. â€Å"But why would the early Church care if Magdalene had royal blood?† The Briton smiled. â€Å"My dear child, it was not Mary Magdalene's royal blood that concerned the Church so much as it was her consorting with Christ, who also had royal blood. As you know, the Book of Matthew tells us that Jesus was of the House of David. A descendant of King Solomon – King of the Jews. By marrying into the powerful House of Benjamin, Jesus fused two royal bloodlines, creating a potent political union with the potential of making a legitimate claim to the throne and restoring the line of kings as it was under Solomon.† Sophie sensed he was at last coming to his point. Teabing looked excited now. â€Å"The legend of the Holy Grail is a legend about royal blood. When Grail legend speaks of ‘the chalice that held the blood of Christ'†¦ it speaks, in fact, of Mary Magdalene – the female womb that carried Jesus' royal bloodline.† The words seemed to echo across the ballroom and back before they fully registered in Sophie's mind. Mary Magdalene carried the royal bloodline of Jesus Christ?† But how could Christ have a bloodline unless†¦ ?† She paused and looked at Langdon. Langdon smiled softly. â€Å"Unless they had a child.† Sophie stood transfixed.† Behold,† Teabing proclaimed,† the greatest cover-up in human history. Not only was Jesus Christ married, but He was a father. My dear, Mary Magdalene was the Holy Vessel. She was the chalice that bore the royal bloodline of Jesus Christ. She was the womb that bore the lineage, and the vine from which the sacred fruit sprang forth!† Sophie felt the hairs stand up on her arms. â€Å"But how could a secret that big be kept quiet all of these years?† â€Å"Heavens!† Teabing said. â€Å"It has been anything but quiet! The royal bloodline of Jesus Christ is the source of the most enduring legend of all time – the Holy Grail. Magdalene's story has been shouted from the rooftops for centuries in all kinds of metaphors and languages. Her story is everywhere once you open your eyes.† â€Å"And the Sangreal documents?† Sophie said. â€Å"They allegedly contain proof that Jesus had a royal bloodline?† â€Å"They do.† â€Å"So the entire Holy Grail legend is all about royal blood?† â€Å"Quite literally,† Teabing said. â€Å"The word Sangreal derives from San Greal – or Holy Grail. But in its most ancient form, the word Sangreal was divided in a different spot.† Teabing wrote on a piece of scrap paper and handed it to her. She read what he had written. Sang Real Instantly, Sophie recognized the translation. Sang Real literally meant Royal Blood. CHAPTER 59 The male receptionist in the lobby of the Opus Dei headquarters on Lexington Avenue in New York City was surprised to hear Bishop Aringarosa's voice on the line. â€Å"Good evening, sir.† â€Å"Have I had any messages?† the bishop demanded, sounding unusually anxious.† Yes, sir. I'm very glad you called in. I couldn't reach you in your apartment. You had an urgent phone message about half an hour ago.† â€Å"Yes?† He sounded relieved by the news. â€Å"Did the caller leave a name?† â€Å"No, sir, just a number.† The operator relayed the number. â€Å"Prefix thirty-three? That's France, am I right?† â€Å"Yes, sir. Paris. The caller said it was critical you contact him immediately.† â€Å"Thank you. I have been waiting for that call.† Aringarosa quickly severed the connection. As the receptionist hung up the receiver, he wondered why Aringarosa's phone connection sounded so crackly. The bishop's daily schedule showed him in New York this weekend, and yet he sounded a world away. The receptionist shrugged it off. Bishop Aringarosa had been acting very strangely the last few months. My cellular phone must not have been receiving, Aringarosa thought as the Fiat approached the exit for Rome's Ciampino Charter Airport. The Teacher was trying to reach me.Despite Aringarosa's concern at having missed the call, he felt encouraged that the Teacher felt confident enough to call Opus Dei headquarters directly. Things must have gone well in Paris tonight. As Aringarosa began dialing the number, he felt excited to know he would soon be in Paris. I'll beon the ground before dawn.Aringarosa had a chartered turbo prop awaiting him here for the short flight to France. Commercial carriers were not an option at this hour, especially considering the contents of his briefcase. The line began to ring. A female voice answered. â€Å"Direction Centrale Police Judidaire.† Aringarosa felt himself hesitate. This was unexpected. â€Å"Ah, yes†¦ I was asked to call this number?† â€Å"Qui etes-vous?† the woman said. â€Å"Your name?† Aringarosa was uncertain if he should reveal it. The French Judicial Police? â€Å"Your name, monsieur?† the woman pressed. â€Å"Bishop Manuel Aringarosa.† â€Å"Un moment.† There was a click on the line. After a long wait, another man came on, his tone gruff and concerned. â€Å"Bishop, I am glad I finally reached you. You and I have much to discuss.†

Differences Between Female Japanese and English Mill Workers Essay

Despite the fact that Japan and England had many similarities with female mill workers, they still had a few differences. They basically had young children and women working in big dangerous factories making thread or in mines. So how were their experiences different? Female Japanese workers had to work more, they got paid less, and they accepted the role that their society gave them. Compared to English women mill workers, Japanese women worked more. English female workers only worked about 74 hours a week and Japanese female workers worker 91 hours a week (Document 5). This was because the Japanese workers worked longer each day, had less holidays, and worked on weekends (Document 8). English female workers had more breaks, worked shorter hours each day, and did not work on weekends. This is a big difference between female English and Japanese mill workers. Even though in both England and Japan women got pair less than men, Japanese women got paid even less than English women. This is a reason why they had so many workers. Since they paid them less they would be able to hire more workers and increase their production rate. Even though they got paid less, it was for the same reason. Why would they want to pay women less? They paid women less because the women needed money and they would accept any amount given to them (Document 8). Japan and England have different ways they treat women and because of that the Japanese women accepted almost everything they went through in the mills. In Japan the women were treated a little less fairly. Japanese women were more willing to accept their role in society because they couldn’t do much about it (Document 8).This is the reason that female Japanese mill workers got low pay and worked more hours. In their society the men were respected more and had more freedom. Female Japanese workers had to work more, they got paid less, and they accepted the role that their society gave them. Although their situations were almost the same, the different cultures had a big part to do with the way women were treated while working. England treated their women with more respect while Japan just thought that women needed to support their families by working all the time. This is important because it was a way for people to discriminate against women and make them work at bad places with low pay and many working hours.

Code of Ethics Essays - Codes Of Conduct, Morality, Business Ethics

Code of Ethics Essays - Codes Of Conduct, Morality, Business Ethics Code of Ethics BUS/210 March 7, 2014 Code of Ethics 1.Honesty: We will be honest in the way in which we deal with each other, our vendors and suppliers, and our customers even when honesty may result in financial loss. a.I chose this one because I believe that customers appreciate an honest business. 2.Community Involvement: We will be involved in community activities to support and encourage clean neighborhoods, crime control, and overall community advancement as a way of showing our appreciation of our community and customers. Community involvement activities must be approved by management in advance. a.I chose this one because it builds a good reputation and shows the business is concerned with more than just profits. 3.Social Responsibility: We will be socially responsible by abiding by all local, state and federal laws and regulations regarding the operation of our business. a.I chose this one because it also builds a good reputation and it is the right way to do business. 4.Discrimination: We will not discriminate in our hiring or promotion practices against anyone regarding race, color, gender, nationality, religion, or age. a.I chose this one because it is illegal to discriminate. 5.Vendors/Suppliers: We will only do business with vendors and suppliers that operate in a legal and socially responsible manner. a.I chose this one because if associated with a corrupt business, we could be guilty by association. 6. Work/Life Balance: We recognize that our employees families are important and will provide set work schedules so that our employees have the necessary balance in which to have quality time to support and enhance those relationships. a.I chose this one to show the employees that the business cares about them.

Words as Words

Words as Words Words as Words Words as Words By Mark Nichol Using italics and quotation marks to emphasize words and phrases is a useful technique, but for the sake of clarity, such formatting should be used only in the manner described in this post. Italics help readers understand that a word is being presented as the label for a concept and not as a concept itself, just as when one italicizes a letter when one writes â€Å"the letter a† or â€Å"It looks like a z to me.† For example, note the difference in the use of the key word in these sentences: Monarchy is a form of government headed by a king or queen. Monarchy is defined as â€Å"a form of government headed by a king or queen.† The first sentence begins by using a word to identify a form of government- a concept. The second sentence defines the word; it is used to refer not to the concept of the form of government but to the lexical label for the form of government: â€Å"One form of government is monarchy,† but â€Å"The word is monarchy.† Note that the second sentence does not need to specify the word-as-a-word status of monarchy (â€Å"The word monarchy is defined as . . . .†), just as I don’t need to do so in the sentence you are reading right now, but sometimes, as in the last sentence in the previous paragraph, a phrase such as â€Å"the word† occurs naturally. Here’s another example in which a word’s status as a word is explicit: â€Å"I think that the word you are looking for is irony.† And here are two examples that point out the distinction between a word describing a concept and a word used as a word: â€Å"Such a word is called a misnomer,† but â€Å"The word for this is misnomer.† What if the term consists of more than one word? The editor’s desire for order and consistency supports italicization, but enclose phrases as phrases in quotation marks. (Says the grammar cop, â€Å"I don’t make up the rules, ma’am- I just enforce them.†) For example, one would write, â€Å"The phrase in question is ‘plausible denial.’† (Use double quotation marks for a phrase as a phrase such as â€Å"plausible denial†; I used single quotation marks in the example because they appear within a quotation that uses double quotation marks.) Note the distinction between phrase as label for concept and phrase as phrase in these examples: â€Å"Such office settings came to be called cube farms,† but â€Å"Someone came up with the phrase ‘cube farm.’† In addition, in textbooks and instructional manuals, words and phrases are often italicized when the concepts they represent are introduced, even if they are not being identified as words as words. (Sometimes, they are formatted in boldface, but usually this emphasis indicates that these terms are introduced as new vocabulary and defined in a glossary.) In such cases, the emphasis is provided in the first reference only; all subsequent uses of the term are not italicized. Some examples in which words might be emphasized in an educational context (but ordinarily need no emphasis) follow: â€Å"In general, this concept is called contradiction or paradox.† â€Å"This is an example of an idiom.† â€Å"Distinguish between the concepts of fitness and adaptation in evolution.† Two key exceptions in the use of italics for emphasis are writing proper nouns (for example, â€Å"The second p in PayPal is also capitalized†)- though italicizing proper nouns may enhance clarity- and conveying speech (â€Å"Many people say ‘myself’ when they should say ‘me’†); communicating what one might write is more of a gray area, but in these posts, I italicize in such cases (â€Å"Insert that into the sentence†). Italics are used for other forms of emphasis: For example, foreign words (and phrases) are italicized to emphasize their outsider status. (However, many such terms have been adopted into English, so check a dictionary before formatting a foreign-seeming word or phrase; if it has an entry, it is considered an English term and should not be emphasized.) Again, as in the case of introduced concepts and vocabulary, italicize such terms on first reference only (unless just a few instances are scattered throughout a long piece of content; use your judgment in such cases). Italics are also employed to signal an emphasis that would not otherwise be communicated. For example, in the sentence â€Å"It was him!† the default emphasis is on him, conveying that the focus of the sentence is on the identity of a person. But â€Å"It was him!† shifts the emphasis to the verb, communicating that one’s earlier suspicion has been confirmed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?"Confused With" and "Confused About"20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Louis Essay

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Louis Stevenson - Essay Example Jekyll’s counter part, Mr. Hyde, a very important character in the story is rather like a synonym for iniquitous personality. A quote from page 40 reads like this, â€Å"Mr. Hyde was pale and dwarfish, he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation, he had a displeasing smile, he had borne himself to the lawyer with a sort of murderous mixture of timidity and boldness, and he spoke with a husky, whispering and somewhat broken voice† (Stevenson, Chapter, 2). One can easily identify the deliberate attempts the author makes to exhibit the villain in Mr. Hyde. Take the following for reference; Mr. Earnfield describes to Utterson how the creature trampled over a child in the street-â€Å"and then came the horrible part of the thing; for the man trampled calmly over the childs body and left her screaming on the ground. It sounds nothing to hear, but it was hellish to see. It wasnt like a man; it was like some damned Juggernaut† (Chapter, 1). It gives the greatest visual effect of a narration- here, a man is a brute personified! Irony of the expression is that the narrator calls the Mr. Hyde ‘a man’ and ‘a juggernaut’ at the same time. There is another example of how Mr. Stevenson visualizes the wicked image of a true brute. Hyde’s encounter with an old guy referred in page 47 runs like this, â€Å"he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on (as the maid described it) like a madman., †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..the bones were audibly shattered and the body jumped upon the roadway†(Stevenson, chapter, 4). It shows the maximum of severity that an individual can posses. It is definitely indisputable that the character of Mr. Hyde is the reflection of the devilish mindset of human. There can be probably nothing more brutal about anyone than killing a fellow being for insistent

Class Dialogue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Class Dialogue - Assignment Example Libreria Editrice Vaticana: Chapter I: #24-27; 36-39; 41-45. 6-10. Accessed online on June 8, 2014 from http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html. This source takes a look into evangelism and the role that Christ plays in evangelism. According to the source, Christ is proactive and loved humans first. Additionally, the source looks into the role played by patient and restraint on time. The relevance of this source to the topic at hand is that evangelism and the role played by Christ in showing love provides relevant perspectives for developing the current class dialogue. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. (n.d). Faithful Citizenship: A Catholic Call to Political Responsibility. Accessed June 8, 2014 from http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/faithful-citizenship/upload/forming-consciences-for-faithful-citizenship.pdf As citizens, American are controlled by policies that aim to maintain law and order within the society. As faithful Christians, Catholics demand that citizenship and faith should integrate provided that the church is free to carry out its mission without interruptions from policies that watch over humans. The relevance of this source to the current topic is providing insight on how, Christians should show love to other people, maintain their faith as Catholics, and function under national policies (the constitution). This quote is of special interest as it points out that the relevance of documents is slowly deteriorating and interest in following up with administrative doctrines has been deemed insufficient. This quote raises the question of what more is needed to regulate the outcomes of choices. In 2013, the USA was in the news headlines for the wrong reason. With the efforts to control or monitor terror, a spy program called Prism was developed to intercept communication of various citizens. This program would

The Great Search for Oil Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Great Search for Oil Sources - Essay Example There are also those who, on the other hand, feel that the end result from drilling in the area would be so minuscule in nature, that is would prove to not have any kind of benefit, while in the process having a drastic effect on the ecosystem of the refuge itself. The online Encyclopedia Wikipedia provides a little history on the subject of drilling in the Arctic. It writes that, "The question of whether or not to allow drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been a political football for every sitting American president since Jimmy Carter. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is just east of Prudhoe Bay in Alaska's "North Slope," which is North America's largest oil field. Currently, the Prudhoe bay area accounts for 17% of U.S. domestic oil production.[1] In 1987 and again in 1998 studies released by the U.S. Geological Survey have estimated significant deposits of crude oil exist within the land designated as the "1002 area" of ANWR, as well.[2][3][3] ," ("Arctic" p.1). A noticeable action came when, "In 2005, Congress twice affirmed their constituents' belief that America's remaining wilds are important and rejection of claims that Arctic Refuge oil is any sort of answer to the nation's dependence on foreign oil. In November 2005, leaders of the House removed provisions that would have allowed drilling in the refuge from a massive budget bill.

Depression and Suicidal Ideation: Mental Health Case Study

Depression and Suicidal Ideation: Mental Health Case Study Introduction Mental health nursing is a complex healthcare practice, because it aims to meet the needs of clients with mental health needs, which are usually also complex and require more than a single therapeutic approach. Mental health nurses usually provide supportive and therapeutic care adhering to nursing and healthcare principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, and adhere to the principles published in the national guidance, of client-centred care focused on service user need, as enshrined in the National Service Framework for Mental Health (Department of Health, 1999). Mental health nursing usually involves the provision of ongoing, supportive therapeutic interventions and ‘talking’ therapies, which can include counselling based on established principles. This role of the mental health nurse involves the formation of a therapeutic relationship with the client, in order to support the client to development self-management and coping strategies for the ongoing control of th eir condition and its symptoms, in conjunction with pharmacological treatments. This critical essay will explore the mental health nursing care of a particular, identified patient encountered in clinical practice, in whose care the author was directly involved. It explores the provision of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to a single client who had complex health needs and challenging symptoms, reviewing the usefulness and appropriateness of the therapy, the effects or projected effects on the client’s wellbeing and symptoms, and the issues surrounding such care for the client in relation to rehabilitation and recovery as part of their mental health journey. The essay will focus on the care of one client with depression and suicidal ideation, looking not at the acute phase of mental health care, but the rehabilitation phase where the client is being supported into ways of managing symptoms and returning to a useful, active social life where they can function effectively within society. The essay focuses on the goals and principles enshrined in the NSF for Mental Health (DoH, 1999), that of achieving the best possible standards of health and wellbeing for the client and the best possible control of their symptoms. It will explore the rationales and process of the therapeutic intervention, and use this intervention within a person-centred model of counselling, support and care. Client Background and History The client, who for the purposes of this essay will be called Lisa (this being a pseudonym used to ensure client confidentiality), is a 19 year old young woman with a history of depression and suicidal ideation. Lisa first presented to the local mental health services at the age of 16, after an acute episode of physical self harm and attempted suicide. Lisa’s self-harming behaviour takes the form of cutting, usually to the arms, legs and abdomen, although she has been known at times to also cut her face and neck. During her first admission, Lisa was diagnosed as having Depression with Psychotic symptoms. She has been managed with a combination of Fluoexetine and a range of other medications, but is known to have frequent relapse due to medication non-compliance. Lisa has a complex personal and social history which goes some way to explaining her current state of mental ill health. She was abandoned by her single parent mother at the age of 11, from which time until the age of 16 she spent in local authority care, a mixture of foster homes and care facilities. At age 16 she left care and went on the streets, but at 17 after her third hospital admission was able to get into a social support programme, secure accommodation for herself, and start to attend college. Lisa is still at college, studying beauty therapy. She has a history of sexual abuse, but for the past year and a half has been living a relatively stable life, with a good social life and a busy college life. Lisa has presented this time with a relapse in her Depression, and has demonstrated a strong suicidal ideation, low mood and being very withdrawn and apathetic. She has, this time, attempted suicide through overdose of a friend’s prescribed medication accompanied by severe cutting to the arms, legs and breasts. After being medically stabilised, she was admitted to the mental health ward, and after two weeks on the ward, fully compliant with her medication, was making some progress towards rehabilitation. Discussion Norman and Ryrie (2004) describe mental health nursing as a process of working with clients to allow them to develop the skills to regain control over their lives through managing their mental health. Ultimately, mental health nursing supports clients into a phase of recovery (Tschudin, 1995), which means that they are not overwhelmed by their symptoms and can manage them through a combination of medication, personal supportive therapies, and other support, in order to lead ‘normal’ lives within society and achieve personal goals. Mental health nursing is based upon a range of principles, some of which are scientific, some of which are more holistic (Norman and Ryrie, 2004). Mental health nursing supports clients through the acute phases of their illness, via crisis management, and through the chronic stages of their illness, through longer-term processes of rehabilitation (Perkins and Repper, 2004). Quite often, mental health service users are viewed in terms of their d isease and its treatment, but the provision of true client-centred care should start off with a good understanding of the client and their condition, their particular needs, and then be followed by a judgement about how best to help them towards recovery along the spectrum of mental health and illness (Perkins and Repper, 2004; Foreyt and Poston, 1999). Recovery cannot be considered as a finite point in time, but as an ongoing balance between the client and their illness, wherein the client aims to achieve the ability to function at the level they desire, through accessing appropriate support (Perkins and Repper, 2004; Greenberger and Padesky, 1995)). The judgement about what kind of support is best is based upon a number of factors, but most often, the decision about which of the many approaches to supportive therapies and counselling will be used is based upon both the client need, and the mental health nurse’s own knowledge about, experience of, and preference for, a parti cular form of therapy (Puentes, 2004). Mental health nurses, therefore, must have a good understanding of themselves, their philosophical orientation in relation to counselling, and the therapies on offer, and are most likely to provide those with which they have the most familiarity. In this case, the author is describing their own philosophical approach as matching that of their clinical practice mentor, who, as an experienced mental health nurse, is a strong advocate of client centred approaches to counselling. Gamble and Curthouys (2004) describe these approaches as being founded on Rogerian principles that include empathy, genuineness and unconditional positive regard. Rogers (1957 in Gamble and Curthouys, 2004) suggest that within a therapeutic relationship, which is a supportive relationship between client and nurse, with the express goal of attaining rehabilitation or recovery, there should be certain features which support the client towards ‘functionality’. Thus, there needs to be contact between tw o people, nurse and client, in which the client is in a condition of incongruence, and the nurse a state of congruence, and in which the nurse displays unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding, towards the client (Rogers, 1957 in Gamble and Curthouys, 2004). The nurse must be able to communicate these factors to the client, within the client’s frame of reference (Rogers, 1957 in Gamble and Curthouys, 2004 Bryant-Jefferies (2006) argues that the therapeutic relationship must be founded on empathy, and that in order to achieve empathy the nurse must employ active listening, and must attend to all the signs and the kinds of communication which the client displays, providing a sense of being ‘present’ with the client in whatever experience they are retelling or currently experiencing. One of the more challenging aspects of developing such a relationship with the client is the provision of unconditional positive regard, which Bozarth and Wilkins (2001 in Bryant-Jefferies, 2006) describe as an ongoing, unceasing and unflagging ‘warm acceptance’ of the individual, regardless of what they might say. Some authors describe this as the element of the therapeutic relationship that is most likely to support the client towards recovery (Bozarth and Wilkins, 2001 in Bryant-Jefferies, 2006). In this case, the mental health nurse (the author’s mentor) who was the prima ry support person for the client, fully aspired to such principles and to the concept of developing the best possible therapeutic relationship with the client. The literature consistently demonstrates that the quality of the therapeutic relationship is fundamental to the client achieving a state of mental health and wellbeing (DoH, 2001; DoH, 2006; Nice, 2004). The author agreed with this and felt that their own therapeutic philosophy was founded upon similar principles, making it appropriate to get involved in the case. The client was also happy to have the author present, as they were involved in there are from admission, and had spent some time observing the client during the acute phase to prevent further self harm. Depression is a surprisingly common, yet often serious mental illness, which can present in a variety of ways, with features such as â€Å"low mood, lack of enjoyment and interest, reduced energy, sleep disturbance,appetite disturbance, reduced confidence and self-esteem, and pessimistic thinking† (Embling, 2002; p 33). According to Embling (2002), these symptoms can have a significant effect on people’s ability to take part in normal daily life or social activities, and in particular, the low mood and predisposition towards pessimistic thoughts can have a negative impact on thought processes, leading to suicidal ideation (Rollman et al, 2003).. There are a number of individual and social issues which have been shown to have an association with depression, including physical illness (acute and chronic), poverty or low socioeconomic status and deprivation, divorce, bereavement or relationship breakdown, loss of a job or sudden, negative change in circumstances, ethnic minority status, and concomitant mental illness (Embling, 2002). It is a chronic condition which can manifest in acute episodes which are often successfully managed with pharmacological and non-pharmacological support, but the relapse rate is high for many patients (Embling, 2002). It can range from mild depression to severe depression or anywhere along a spectrum in between (Rollman et al, 2003). A wide variety of therapeutic approaches have been used in treating this illness, and in Lisa’s case, she had had some success previously with solution-focused brief therapy, but had found herself relapsing once regular, close contact with a mental health nurse had lapsed. Lisa admitted that she felt the time was right to take control of her life and find ways of coping with her illness more independently, and was keen for strategies which would allow her to avoid having such serious relapses, because they themselves had a negative effect on her life and potential career. Therefore, it was agreed that CBT might be the optimal approach. Luty et al (2007) argue that CBT is not always the most efficacious therapeutic choice for severe depression, but in Lisa’s case, it seemed worth trying, particularly as her worst symptoms were related to not maintaining her medication, and once she was on her medication, the focus had to be on keeping her well enough to keep taking the tablets. Other literature suggests that CBT is effective in patients who have had a history of sexual abuse (Price et al, 2001) This seemed to imply that the focused approach to support that CBT offered would the right way, particularly as it is so focused on relapse p revention. According to NACBT (2007) cognitive behavioural therapy is the term used to describe a variety of therapeutic or interpersonal interventions, all of which are characterised by a focus on the importance of how clients think, and how this thinking impacts upon their feelings, their responses to stimuli and stressors, and their actions. Its value lies in the fact that it is structured, directive, and also time-limited, strong focusing client and nurse on the current problem, on how the client feels and thinks at the single point in time that therapy is taking place (Embling, 2002). CBT is based on â€Å"the theory that the way an individual behaves is determined by his or her idiosyncratic view of a particular situation, thus the way we think determines the way we feel and behave †(Embling, 2002p 34). According to Embling (2002), Beck et al (1979) introduced CBT , suggesting that â€Å"CBT can treat depression as it helps the client to evaluate and modify distorted thought processes and dysfunctional behaviours† (Embling, 2002) p 38). According to NACBT (2007) CBT has expanded within the therapeutic domain to include a range of approaches based upon the sample principles, including, Rational Behaviour Therapy, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy , Rational Living Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Dialectic Behaviour Therapy, all of which are based on what are described as â€Å"cognitive models of social response†. These in turn have been based on philosophical principles derived from Socratic thought, wherein individuals aim to attain a state of calm and tranquillity when challenged by stressful or difficult situations and experiences (NACBT, 2007). Thus the idea is to modulate the responses to life and experiences which precipitate symptoms of mental illness. The coun sellor directs the client to use inductive methods combined with principles of rational thinking and educative approaches, to support behavioural self-managed over the longer term , (NACBT, 2007; Sensky et al, 2000) and to prevent relapses (Bruce et al, 1999). Therefore, in CBT, the nurse provides the client with the ability to explore their behaviours, their responses and their typical symptomatic responses in particular in certain situations, and assists them in developing ways of mediating such responses so that they do not relapse into behaviours characteristic of their illness (Sensky et al, 2000; RCP, 2007; BABCP, 2007). Management of Lisa’s Care To begin with, it was really important to ensure that Lisa’s counselling and therapy was truly person-centred, in order to develop a good relationship between Lisa, the primary nurse and the author (NELMH, 2007; Moyle, 2003). The author hoped that Lisa would respond well to this approach because it would allow for the demonstration of empathy and a good understanding of how her life, previous mental illness and personal circumstances were contributing to her current illness, and therefore would support congruence in provision of support to meet her needs and address her specific concerns. However, the difficulty in achieving congruence here was that the author could not really claim to fully understand the effects of Lisa’s previous experience of sexual abuse or really relate to her experiences, and in particular, the author found some elements of her history, including the stories she told relating the sexual abuse, as very disturbing. The author discussed this with th e nurse mentor prior to the counselling sessions, and discussed how to achieve that true sense of congruence and presence, without communication their own abhorrence of the experiences that Lisa was relating. It was decided that it would be acceptable to tell Lisa that the author was appalled by these experiences, because this would underline the fact that she should not have had to suffer this abuse and that she was right to seek help in dealing with the effects on her mental health. Therefore, the author was able to enter into this counselling in supportive frame of mind, and able to achieve empathy without communicating negative feelings to the client. The focus of Lisa’s CBT was on the suicidal ideation/self-harming and the low mood and self-abhorrence that were the main manifestations of her depression. Collins and Cutcliffe (2003) show that one of the most common features displayed by mental health service users with suicidal ideation is hopelessness. This was certainly the case for Lisa, who displayed a sever pessimism about life and her ability to achieve anything like lasting recovery. Her goals to become a beauty therapist seemed unobtainable, and she felt she had no hope of making a new life for herself that was not ‘ruined’ by her previous life. However, Collins and Cutcliffe (2003) recommend CBT for this kind of pessimistic thinking because it focuses the client on establishing ‘hopefulness’ within their thought patterns. Other research shows that suicide risk can be reduced if individuals can experience others showing concern for them (Casey et al, 2006). This was supported by the author’s and the mentor’s firm belief in the efficacy of CBT for clients such as Lisa (Joyce et al, 2007). Thus, it was possible to establish an initial level of trust, and through the therapeutic relationship, the author was able to support Lisa in exploring her conditional assumptions (Curran et al, 2006) which led to the ongoing, spiralling pessimism, and then using CBT, we were able to set goals for each counselling session, set ‘homework’ which focused on self-management, and then reflect on progress as each session followed the previous one (Curran et al, 2006). The sessions focused on relapse prevent ion through changing cognitive patterns and schema, rehearsing relapse drills, and ensuring ongoing compliance with medication (Papakostas et al, 2003. While some authors argue for the need for inclusion of family or carers in therapeutic interventions such as (Chiocca, 2007), this was not possible with Lisa because she had no family and although she had a number of good friends made through her college course, none of them knew of her mental illness. The focus was therefore on health education, developing personal skills, and helping Lisa to cope with issues such as her current socioeconomic status (Jackson et al, 2006; Cutler et al, 2004). . Conclusion If, as Calloway (2007 p 106) suggests â€Å"nursing is defined as a profession that protects, promotes, and restores health and that which prevents illness and injury†, then using such a client-empowering form of therapy, one which is based on the development of realistic coping mechanisms (Salkovskis, 1995; Deakin, 1993), was the right approach with Lisa. Discussion with her revealed that focusing on relapse prevention, within an honest therapeutic relationship which addressed the factors affecting her mental health, and addressed the ways of thinking and behaviours which led to relapse, was the right approach, because these were, fundamentally, her primary needs. The person-centred approach, in particular, seemed to give her the positive, ongoing interpersonal contact she needed, such that she did demonstrate signs of moving into a state of rehabilitation and recovery. References BABCP (2007) CBT Today36 (3) Available form www.babcp.com Accessed 5-1-09 Bozarth, J. and Wilkins, P. (eds) (2001) Rogers’ Therapeutic Conditions: evolution, theory and practice Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. In: Bryant-Jeffries, R. (2006) Counselling for Eating Disorders in Women: Person-centred dialogues Oxford: Radcliffe. Bruce, T.J., Spiegel, D.A. and Hegel, M.T. (1999) Cognitive-behavioural therapy helps prevent relapse and recurrence of panic disorder following alprazolam discontinuation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (1) 151-156. Bryant-Jeffries, R. (2006) Counselling for Eating Disorders in Women: Person-centred dialogues Oxford: Radcliffe. Calloway, S. (2007) Mental Health Promotion: Is Nursing Dropping the Ball?. Journal of Professional Nursing 23 (2) 105-109. Casey, P.R., Dunn, G., Kelly, B. et al (2006) Factors associated with suicidal ideation in the general population: Five-centre analysis from the ODIN study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 189(5) 410-415. Chiocca, E. (2007) Suicidal ideation Nursing 37(5) 72. Collins, S. and Cutcliffe, J.R. (2003) Addressing hopelessness in people with suicidal ideation: building upon the therapeutic relationship utilizing a cognitive behavioural approach. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10 (2) , 175–185 Curran, J., Machin, C. and Gournay, K. (2006) Cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with anxiety and depression. Nursing Standard 21(7) 44-52. Cutler, J.L, Goldyne, A., Markowitz, J.C. et al (2004) Comparing cognitive behaviour therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (9) 1569-1578. Deakin, H. G. (1993) Behavioural and Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches. Ch21 pp251-292. In Wright, H and Giddey, M. (1993) Mental Health nursing: From First principles to professional practice London: Chapman and Hall Department of Health (2006) From Values to Action. The Chief Nursing Office’rs Review of Mental Health Nursing London: DOH. Department of Health (2001) Treatment Choice in Psychological Therapies and Counselling: Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline London: HMSO. Department of Health (1999) The National Service Framework For Mental Health. Modern Standards and Service Models London: DOH. Diaz-Granados, N. and Steward, D.E. (2007) Using a gender lens to monitor mental health. International Journal of Public Health 52 (4) 197-198. Embling, S. (2002) The effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy in depression. Nursing Standard 17(14-15) 33-41. Foreyt, J.P. and Poston, W.S. (1999) What is the role of cognitive-behavior therapy in patient management? Obesity Research 6 18S-22S. Gamble, C. and Curthoys, J. (2004) Psychosocial interventions. In: Norman, I. Ryrie, I. (eds.) (2004) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing: A Textbook of Principles and Practice Maidenhead: Open University Press. Gelso, C.J. Carter, J.A. (1985) The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy. The Counselling Psychologist, 13 (2) 155-243 Greenberger, D and Padesky, C.A. (1995) Mind over mood. A cognitive therapy treatment manual for clients. New York: Guilford Press. Jackson, S.F., Perkins, F., Khandor, E. et al (2006) Integrated health promotion strategies: a contribution to tackling current and future health challenges. Health Promotion International 21 (Supplement 1) 75-83. Joyce, O., McKenzie, J.M., Cartern, J.D., et al (2007) Temperament, character and personality disorders as predictors of response to interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry 190(6) 503-508. Luty, S., Cartern, J., McKenzie, J. et al (2007) Randomised controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression The British Journal of Psychiatry 190(6) 496-502 Moyle, W. (2003) Nurse-patient relationship: A dichotomy of expectations International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 12 (2) 103–109. NACBT (2007) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy http://www.nacbt.org/whatiscbt.htm Accessed 5-1-09 NELMH (2007) Relapse Prevention http://nelmh.org/page_view.asp?c=10did=820fc=001003005. Accessed 5-1-09. NICE (2004) Depression: Management of Primary and Secondary Care Clinical guideline 23 www.nice.org.uk Accessed 5-1-09 Norman, I. Ryrie, I. (eds.) (2004) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing: A Textbook of Principles and Practice Maidenhead: Open University Press. Norman, I. Ryrie, I. (2004) Mental health nursing: origins and orientations. In Norman, I. Ryrie, I. (eds.) (2004) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing: A Textbook of Principles and Practice Maidenhead: Open University Press. Ormel, J., Koeter, W., Van den Brink, G. and Van de Willige, G. (1991) Recognition, management, and course of anxiety and depression in general practice. Archives of General Psychiatry. 48 (8). Papakostas, G.I., Petersen, T., Pava, J. et al (2003) Hopelessness and suicidal ideation in outpatients with treatment-resistant Depression: prevalence and impact on treatment outcome The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 191(7) 444-449 Paykel, E.S., Scott, J., Cornwall, P.L. et al (2005) Duration of relapse prevention after cognitive therapy in residual depression: follow-up of controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 35 59-68. Peplau, H. (1989) Interpersonal constructs for nursing practice in: O’Toole, A.,Welt, S. 9eds) )1989) Interpersonal Theory in Nursing Practice. New York: Springer. Perkins, R. Repper, J. (2004). Rehabilitation and recovery. In: Norman, I. Ryrie, I. (eds.) (2004) The Art and Science of Mental Health Nursing: A Textbook of Principles and Practice Maidenhead: Open University Press. Price, J.L., Hilsenroth, M.J., Petretic-Jackson, P.A. and Bone, D. (2001)A review of individual psychotherapy outcomes for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology Review 21 (7) 1095-1121 Puentes, W.J. (2004) Cognitive therapy integrated with life review techniques: an eclectic treatment approach for affective symptoms in older adults. Journal of Clinical Nursing 13 (1) 84-89. Putnam, F. (2003) Ten-Year Research Update Review: Child Sexual Abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 42 (3) 269-278. RCP (2007) CBT. Available from http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinformation/therapies/cognitivebehaviouraltherapy.aspx Accessed 5-1-09 Revicki, D.A., Siddique, J., Chung, J.Y. et al (2005) Cost-effectiveness of evidence based pharmacotherapy or cognitive behaviour therapy combined with community referral for major depression in predominantly low-income minority women. Archives of General Psychiatry. 62 868-875. Rollman, B., Shear, M.K, (2003) Depression and Medical Comorbidity: Red Flags for Current Suicidal Ideation in Primary Care. Psychosomatic Medicine 65(4) 506-507 Salkovskis, P.M. (1995) Cognitive factors in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and hypochondriasis. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 8(2) 80-84. Sensky, T., Turkington, D., Kingdon, D. et al (2000). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia Resistant to Medication. Arch Gen Psychiatry.57 165-172. Tschudin, V. (1995) Counselling skills for nurses. London: Elsevier.